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This document describes the Tax Holiday Instances database. The dataset identifies instances in which U.S. publicly traded firms disclose the presence of a foreign tax holiday in their annual Form 10-K filings. The purpose of this database is to provide a systematic and machine-readable record of tax holiday mentions across firms and years for use in empirical research.

Please review and reference the following papers when using these data:

Fox, Z. D., L. Krull, and S. G. Rane. 2026. Foreign tax holiday participation and U.S. job and investment loss. Contemporary Accounting Research, 43(1): 817-848

* The original study did not use generative artificial intelligence. However, the present dataset extends the sample period and coverage using AI-assisted text identification applied to an expanded set of machine-readable 10-K filings. The data include observations spanning 1993 to 2024 following the approach described in Section 3 of the original study.

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DATA DESCRIPTION:

•	Number of observations (rows): 6,231
•	Unit of observation: A single mention of a foreign tax holiday within a firm’s Form 10-K filing.
•	Indexing variable: CIK (SEC Central Index Key)
•	Sample period: 1993–2024
•	Sorting: Observations are sorted by CIK and Filing Date.
•	Requirement for inclusion: The firm-year must have a machine-readable 10-K.

A single firm-year may contain multiple tax holiday instances if the filing references holidays in more than one country.

The dataset was constructed using the following procedure:
1.	We identified machine-readable Form 10-K filings obtained from SEC EDGAR for U.S. publicly traded firms over the sample period.
2. 	We implemented a Python script to parse each 10-K, recognizing that firms may disclose tax holiday participation in different locations within their annual filings.
3.	Following Chow et al. (2023), we used the list of tax holiday countries from their study and searched each 10-K for instances in which the word “incentive” or “holiday” appeared within 30 characters of a listed country.
4.	For observations satisfying the country-proximity criterion in Step 3, we further required that the word “incentive” or “holiday” appear within 800 characters of any mention of the word “tax.”
5.	We categorized a disclosure as tax holiday participation if, and only if, both the country-proximity and tax-proximity criteria were satisfied.
6.	Each qualifying disclosure was recorded at the firm-country-filing level, with Country coded as the jurisdiction associated with the disclosed tax holiday. If a single 10-K referenced tax holidays in multiple countries, each country was recorded as a separate tax holiday instance.
7.	Filings lacking machine-readable text were excluded because the disclosure-identification procedure could not be reliably applied.
8.	For the present expanded database, candidate tax holiday disclosures identified through the rule-based procedure above were reviewed using generative AI as a secondary classification step. The AI-assisted review was used to help determine whether the extracted disclosure represented a true instance of foreign tax holiday participation and to support consistent country identification and standardization. This AI-assisted step applies to the expanded database and was not part of the empirical procedure used in the original study.

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VARIBLE DEFINITIONS

The CSV file contains the following four variables:
(1) CIK
•	Type: Integer
•	Definition: SEC Central Index Key identifying the registrant firm.
•	Notes: The CIK uniquely identifies the filing entity. Users merging with Compustat should crosswalk CIKs to gvkeys.
(2) Filedate
•	Type: Date (YYYY-MM-DD)
•	Definition: The date on which the firm filed its Form 10-K with the SEC.
•	Notes: This corresponds to the official filing date recorded in EDGAR.
(3) Datadate
•	Type: Date (YYYY-MM-DD)
•	Definition: The financial statement date as reported within the 10-K (typically fiscal year-end).
•	Notes: This date reflects the period the filing pertains to, not when it was filed.
(4) Country
•	Type: String
•	Definition: The country in which the tax holiday is reported to have been granted.
•	Coding: Free-text country names standardized where possible; missing when the filing does not specify a country.
•	Notes: Some filings reference tax incentives without naming the specific country; these are recorded with a blank value.

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CONTACT INFORMATION

Questions, error reports, or suggestions for future updates may be directed to:
zack.fox@byu.edu